Socioeconomic Status And The Prediction Of Morbidity And...

There have been many studies conducted on socioeconomic status and the prediction of morbidity and mortality. It tends to have a huge affect on how individuals maintain their everyday lives. â€Å"Socioeconomic status (SES) is often measured as a combination of education, income, and occupation. It is commonly conceptualized as the social standing or class of an individual or group. When viewed through a social class lens, privilege, power, and control are emphasized. Furthermore, an examination of SES as a gradient or continuous variable reveals inequities in access to and distribution of resources. SES is relevant to all realms of behavioral and social science, including research, practice, education, and advocacy† (American Psychological Association, 2014). A person’s socioeconomic status includes variables that impact their susceptibility to contracting certain diseases, some of those variables including their income, occupation, and education. For example, someone who lives in a low income area may not have enough money to supply their everyday needs. That individual may only have enough money to eat what they can afford and not eat healthier foods (sometimes higher priced), which could lead to future health problems. Another example would be someone who has minimal education. There is a huge gap between an individual with a bachelor’s degree and someone with only a high school diploma. As we all know, earnings increase with the amount of education one has, whichShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Climate Change On Community Health2283 Words   |  10 Pagesbetter idea of what to do to address climate change. Hazard identification. The identified hazard is climate change. Climate change can lead to many health problems, including but not limited to respiratory diseases, cancer, heat-related morbidity and mortality, mental health problems, and vectorborne, zoonotic, and waterborne diseases. Climate change affects everyone, but it disproportionately affects low-income communities, communities of color, children, and the elderly. Climate change is alsoRead MoreObesity : A Major Factor That Affects The Health Of The Local Population Essay2256 Words   |  10 Pages disability defines as the cause of some factors such as physical, mental or sensory impairment that affects to perform their daily activities (Larkin,2011). Obesity may result to disability due to increased body weight and other associated co-morbidities factors. People with disabling conditions such as arthritis, disease of the muscle and bones(joints) affects their diet and physical activities that may lead for being obese. Health Inequalities and its impact on obesity A number of factors canRead Moreunit 73688 Words   |  15 Pagesto the researcher subjectivity, influence of personal biases, and required experience for coding and analyzing the data. Data analysis is more time consuming than quantitative data analysis which pose greater difficulty in making quantitative predictions that may influence credibility (Johnson, 2008). The combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods in mixed methods strategy of inquiry can be advantageous to the researchers when the strengths of the individual approaches andRead MoreIHI Questions and Answers Essay4950 Words   |  20 Pagesï » ¿Post-Lesson Assessment Assessment Review Status Question    1) According to the World Health Organization (WHO), how could at least half a million deaths due to surgical error be prevented every year? Your Answer:b) By implementing systemic changes in operating rooms Correct Answer:b) By implementing systemic changes in operating rooms At least half a million deaths per year could be prevented with effective implementation of systemic improvements in operating rooms.  Specifically, multiple studiesRead MoreCongenital Heart Disease ( Chd )3504 Words   |  15 Pagesexamined extensively by comparing age, socioeconomic factors, parental vs. child perspective, neurocognitive and psychosocial factors, severity of illness and frequency of treatment interventions, and the role that resilience plays in influencing QOL. QOL has been defined as the overall satisfaction with life, either positively or negatively influenced by psychosocial and/or physical variables, which the individual perceives to be important, including health status, psychological functioning, and mattersRead MoreThe Social Impact of Drug Abuse24406 Words   |  98 Pagessection 11). Although drug abuse is common among all age groups, it occurs more frequently among young adults. Increases were noted in illicit drug demand in most countries in the Amer icas and in eastern Europe, where it was attributed to the socioeconomic crisis affecting these regions and, in particular, high unemployment. Opening European borders between East and West also facilitated contact and communication between traffickers as well as others, increasing the number of transit routes for drugsRead MoreEffects of Vigorous and Moderate Exercise on Health-Related Outcomes10786 Words   |  43 Pagesgreatly reduced for men than women. The appropriate level of physical activity that helps to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in men is 1,000 kilocalories per week. This same levels of physical activity is associated with a 20% reduction in mortality of men(Hu et al., 2004). A study conducted by Haskell (2003) showed that risk of cardiovascular disease is a multifactor process and is not only associated with regular sports and exercising. The other factors include eating a heart-healthy dietRead MoreChemical Hazards43022 Words   |  173 PagesCalamities Terrorist Attacks/Sabotage Impact of Chemical Disasters Major Chemical Accidents in India Aims and Objectives of the Guidelines 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.5 2.5.1 Present Status and Context Regulatory Framework and Codes of Practises Institutional Framework and Compliance Institutional Framework Compliance Other Technical Activities/Initiatives Initiatives in Installations Initiatives in Storages Initiatives in the RoadRead MoreAppraisal Techniques of Public Investments and Projects62994 Words   |  252 Pageseconomic growth, by investing in infrastructure, promoting skills development and the service sector, and mainstreaming private sector development and modernizing agriculture; b) Slowdown population growth, through reducing infant mortality, promoting family planning and education outreach programs, improving the quality of healthcare and schooling; PITT Management Resources Page 14 of 176 Investment Appraisal Training Manual for Public Projects c) Tackle extreme povertyRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesthe right to direct and control their subordinates’ behavior to achieve organizational goals. In a bureaucratic system of administration, obedience is owed to a manager, not because of any personal qualities— such as personality, wealth, or social status—but because the manager occupies a position that is associated with a certain level of authority and responsibility.19 Principle 2: In a bureaucracy, people should occupy positions because of their performance, not because of their social standing

The Education Of Malcolm X Essay - 984 Words

Literacy is power. Being taught to read and write is important to function in society. You learn to read and write to express your feelings and communicate with others. Frederick Douglass and Malcom X both succeeded in learning how to read and write, but in different ways. The education of Malcolm X was learned more formally. Frederick Douglass learned from his surroundings and the people around him. Malcom and Frederick battled in reading and writing, but learned in similar and different ways. During the 1960s, Malcolm X was one of many articulate and powerful leaders of black America. Before he was a street hustler and spent seven years in prison, where he educated himself. Before this time, he was almost completely illiterate. He describes how he could hardly compose a sentence with a straight line or correctly articulates words, let alone read and write. Not being able to express his thoughts and feelings in the letters he wrote inspired him to educate himself. Malcolm then beca me one of the leading spokesman for African American separatism. Unlike Malcom X Frederick Douglass escaped to New York, where he became a leader in the abolitionist movement. Frederick was born a slave and couldn’t read or write at all. His mistress was teaching him how to read and write but suddenly was against instructing him so he had to be strategically deceptive to learn. Despite of their horrible backgrounds, these two men acquired how to read and write. On the other hand, you wouldShow MoreRelatedMalcolm X Education Essay1560 Words   |  7 PagesMalcolm X once said â€Å"education is the passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to those who prepare for it today†. From adolescence to adulthood almost every person is put through schooling. As one gets older in age, the education they obtain becomes more rigorous in order to stretch their minds far beyond two plus two or what color the sky is. The strategies of critically thinking and being able to analyze/d ecipher information in front is them is reinforced routinely in the educational systemRead MoreAfrican Americans On Education : Malcolm X On A Homemade Education1575 Words   |  7 Pages Views of African Americans on education: Malcolm X on a Homemade Education; W.E.B. Dubois in Education; and Oliver Crowell Cox in Education Okema Johnson Coppin State University IDST 499-401 Dr. Ray September 9, 2015 Education is an important aspect in the lives of many individuals. Education is often seen as a means to better oneself. With education, a whole new world can be opened up to individuals. For African Americans education is key to achieving a variety of things inRead MoreMalcolm X And Maya Angelou And A Homemade Education1791 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Graduation† by Maya Angelou and â€Å"A Homemade Education† by Malcolm X, the authors discuss their experiences and fight against inequality. Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X and Maya Angelou were just a few of the hundreds of thousands of blacks who restlessly fought for civil rights. Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X and Maya Angelou showed that in the face of adversity to persevere you must always remain strong and steadfast if you wish to succeed. Even with Malcolm X and Maya Angelou facing obstacles, theyRead MoreA Homemade Education By Malcolm X And Letter From Birmingham Jail By Martin Luther King Jr.1796 Words à ‚  |  8 Pagesperseverance and persistence is exemplified through the works of Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr. and Maya Angelou who are defying social norms by revolting against racial injustice and educational inequality. Based on the texts, â€Å"Graduation† by Maya Angelou, â€Å"A Homemade Education† by Malcolm X and â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† by Martin Luther King Jr., it is clear that the writers/ narrators show a great deal of persistence. Malcolm X learns how to read using a dictionary, Martin Luther King managesRead MoreMalcolm X vs Frederick Douglass Essay1300 Words   |  6 Pages main Idea Final Thought Topic Sentence Malcolm X VS. Frederick Douglass How would you compare your education experience with Malcolm X and Frederick Douglass? Education comes from attending elementary; middle school, high school, and college. However education can also come from home if the education is legitimate. In Malcolm Xs A Homemade Education, Malcolm discusses his struggles between the language on his childhood streets growing up and theRead MoreThe Achievement of Desire, by Richard Rodriguez and Learning to Read, by Malcolm X988 Words   |  4 PagesRichard Rodriguez, the author of The Achievement of Desire, and Malcolm X, the author of Learning to Read, describe the ways their lives were profoundly impacted, as well as altered, because of their quest for an education. Rodriguez writes about his academic successes, while Malcolm X describes his education as self-taught. Achieving an education changed both men and both men pursued an education for different reasons. In his writing The Achievement of Desire, Richard Rodriguez describes hisRead MoreThe Ballot Or The Bullet By Malcolm X1352 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica. In Malcolm X’s speech â€Å"The Ballot or the Bullet,† Malcolm X believes that civil rights are human rights, and all African Americans are â€Å"justified in seeking civil rights, if it means equality of opportunity†(Malcolm X 362). When using Malcolm X’s definition of civil/human rights, it is clear that even in society today, not all races have reached equality. African Americans are still fighting for equal opportunity in the education system and economic status in American society. In Malcolm X’s speechRead MoreEssay about Coming to an Awareness of Language742 Words   |  3 PagesAwareness of Language, by Malcolm X, we are told the story of how a young Malcolm X developed from a illiterate street hustler to a self educated man in prison who would later go on to lead the Nation of Islam. Malcolm X recalls his stay in the Norfolk Prison Colony School as never feeling â€Å"so truly free in life.† OInTThe reader gets a firsthand account of the story from Malcolm X, which gives the audience a better and more realistic connection to situations in the story. Malcolm X did not have an easyRead MoreCompare And Contrast Martin Luther King And Malcolm X1101 Words   |  5 PagesKing and Malcolm X were two greatest leaders in the fighting of the Civil Rights Movement. Contrary to most American belief, King and Malcolm X were not perfect opposite to each other. However, they do have distinct method to achieve social and economic equality. Malcolm X and King were both civil rights leader during 60s. They had the same goal, which was to achieve social equality for African Americans and Black people. Malcolm X was born in a extremely poor family, which led Malcolm X end up inRead MoreHow are Malcolm X and Frederick Douglass Alike and Different810 Words   |  3 PagesCompare Contrast Malcolm X and Frederick Douglass both came from an African American background but the time difference of these two men when they were brought to the world changed. Malcolm X had a rough life. His dad was mysteriously murdered and his mom was mentally ill and with no parent figure he got in to the street life. He got in to selling illegal substances and burglary. He was struggling financially as well. In 1946 Malcolm X age twenty at the time was sentenced to prison for 10 years

Lean Principles And Process Management of Mcdonald’s †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about theLean Principles And Process Management of Mcdonalds. Answer: Introduction Lean manufacturing is an important concept that helps to improve quality of services and also helps to reduce cost of production. Lean principles are also applied in factory setting and help to make the work of people more efficient. The managers and the owners take the decisions according to the operations and production capacity of the organization. Each organization selects manufacturing or service process design according to the requirements and some conditions also affect the decisions. The process design an organization selects, determine efficiency and effectiveness of production (Lyons et al., 2013). Today many organizations are applying lean principles in the manufacturing process design through which organizations are getting many benefits. Companies are not only focusing on production or manufacturing process but also giving focus on customer service. The lean philosophy can also be known as lean manufacturing, lean thinking or Toyota production system. In mid-50s the conc ept of lean philosophy was given by Japanese and many companies are being familiar with the concept. Earlier only manufacturing companies were applying lean principles for lean manufacturing or lean production but now service sectors are also using lean principles to improve service level. Many service industries have applied lean principles and also got benefits. In service industry, lean principles are mainly applied to increase customer satisfaction level (Chase Apte, 2007). Many researchers have contributed in developing lean philosophy. For better understanding the lean philosophy, some concepts are included in the report such as introduction of lean principles and applicability of lean principles in service process design. The company that is taken for the research is McDonalds. McDonalds Company McDonalds is a famous American company. The company was founded in 1940 by Maurice McDonald and Richard McDonald in San Bernardino, California. It is one of the largest fast food restaurants. The company follows Speedy service system process. First franchise of McDonalds opened in 1953 in Phonex, Arizona. Companys headquarter is in Oak Brook, Illinois in United States. Today McDonalds is the biggest restaurant chain and the company is providing services to almost 68 million consumers each day. According to the report generated in 2016, it was observed that more than 375,000 people are working in this company. Currently there are 5669 company owned locations and franchised locations are around 21,559. Today there are approximately 36900 outlets that are operating in 120 countries. Andrew J. McKenna is the chairman and Steve Easterbrook is the president and CEO. McDonalds famous products are Hamburgers, French fries, chicken, soft drinks, milk shakes, coffee, breakfast and desserts. In 2016, the companys revenue was recorded as US$24.622 billion. The company uses different business models at different places. Ireland and United Kingdom business model is totally different from US business model. The company is focusing to provide high quality nutritious food in low cost to customers. The company is committed to enhance customer experience by continuously improving the operations. The company is popular due to its excellent customer service (Mcdonalds, 2017). Service process design The McDonalds company uses service process design. The company focuses on both goods and services. In McDonalds customers can interact face to face with service providers. McDonalds has a large customer base providing services to many customers in a day. Company deals with so many customers in a day and focuses to satisfy them with the services. The technology McDonalds is using is providing competitive advantage to the company as the company is able to handle so many customers at one time. Company is using modern microwaves, fryers and automatic drink makers to provide fast services to customers. The company is constantly working to provide latest technology services to customers. Companys service process design needs to be flexible to meet the needs of consumers (Leavy, 2010) Literature Review In the current scenario lean manufacturing is a significant tool and many industries are using lean concept. The research papers related to lean implementation concept have been published in many reputed journals. In the research papers many researchers have given their opinion on lean implementation. Lean tools are applicable in various sectors like manufacturing, service, trading and other sectors. Researchers Salem et al., 2016, did complete research on lean concepts, tools , techniques and principles in various industries in Qatar and identified lean benefits and challenges. The researchers collected important information from different 333 organizations related to various sectors like academic institutions, service sectors and oil and gas sector by online survey. The results helped to understand that in Qatar the industries require to give more focus on lean concept in order to compete at global level. The research also helped to know that in different industries there are differences in level of awareness and recognition of lean concept. Famous researchers Chaple, Narkhede Akarte, 2014, investigated the barriers and enablers in applicability of lean concept. It can be easily identified by analyzing manufacturing or service model of Indian industries. The researchers have analyzed that automobile and electronic industries are majorly applying lean concepts than other industries. The researchers also identified that in any industry mainly managers are responsible for implementation of lean concept. Many managers give major contribution in decision making activity. The success of the organization mainly depends upon the capabilities of managers. Two popular researchers Chikhalikar Sharma, 2015, did research on lean implementation on engine manufacturing unit. The country selected for the research is India. The research explored that some factors like improper information transmission, waste, improper control on inventory management, transportation problem and inadequate material flow create barriers in lean implementation. The problem can be solved by implementing Six sigma, Kanban, JIT, Kaizen and TPM. Kumar Kumar, 2015 did research to make connectivity between lean manufacturing elements and Indian manufacturing industry. They identified the benefits of lean manufacturing as the concept helps in cost cutting, quality improvement and in inventory management. The researchers, ?iarnien? VienaÃ… ¾indien?, 2014, revealed the barriers and challenges the organization faces while implementing lean concept. Lean concept helps to create value to the company and also to the end customers. In lean philosophy companies focus to reduce waste and also use waste management methods. Three barriers organization faces are process barrier, people barrier and sustainability barrier. The barriers can be handled by using effective tools and methods. Human motivation can help to remove people barrier. The top management should give contribution in implementation of lean concept in the organization and the lean concept should be applied through formulating appropriate strategy. The organizations should give focus on value to the customer, continuous flow, waste elimination and pull driven system. The research conducted by Almeida Marodin Saurin, 2015, helped to identify some risks that can give negative impact on lean production implementation process. The researchers also showed the classification of risks and the interrelation between risks. The researchers used various sources like interview, document analysis and observation to collect data. The researchers identified that internal risks affect the system more than external risks. There are two important stages in risk management like risk response and risk monitoring or controlling. From the exploratory factor analysis the researchers identified 14 risks. Top managers, middle level managers and lower level managers involvement is required in lean implementation process. Shah Ward, 2007, defined that lean implementation is a combined social technical system and the main aim is to reduce waste by concurrently reducing internal variability. According Gfu Teodorescu, 2014, Lean concept is globally adapted standard that helps to do assembly of different parts. Successful lean implementation helps in problem solving. Proper employee involvement is required for implementation of appropriate methods and practices. In the research Chauhan Singh, 2012, depicted about JIT, elimination of waste and customer value. In lean manufacturing some parameters are important such as JIT deliveries, multifunctional teams, vertical information system, pull, zero defects, and elimination of waste. Many companies are using JIT approach for providing value to customers. Lean principles Lean manufacturing theory mainly focuses on waste reduction. The organization focuses to achieve more with fewer efforts. Organizations use some resources in some activities that are actually not required as the resources are not contributing in value. Lean principles can be applied on manufacturing, design, distribution activities and in customer service processes. The concept was founded by Taiichi Ohno, a Toyota executive during the reconstruction period of post-world war in Japan and Daniel T. Jones and James P. Womack are the persons who popularized the concept and these authors also described lean manufacturing in their book published in 1996. In lean philosophy the companies try to shorten time between customer order and product delivery. Long production time increases cost of production of goods. In lean production, companies focus to reduce cycle time. Lean manufacturing gives emphasis on 3 points elimination of waste, strategy and shorten lead times (Corbett, 2007). Process management can be defined as planning and monitoring of business processes. Business processes can be understood as manufacturing processes, business process reengineering and business process management. Proper knowledge, measure, skills, control, tools, techniques are required to improve business processes with the purpose to meet organizations goals and customers requirements. In process management some activities are involved like defining a process, assigning responsibilities, analysis of process performance, explore opportunities for improvement. The lean manufacturing concept is based on 5 major principles that promote lean thinking. Namely the lean principles are - specify value, value stream, flow, pull and perfection. The principles are based on continuous improvement, elimination of waste, just in time production and quality management. Waste elimination can be controlled by reducing over production and over processing and by monitoring unnecessary motion, wastage of inventory, production defects, waiting time and transportation time. Specify value Each organization needs to understand the value customer perceives for product or service. The value of product or service helps to determine the money customers can pay for it. Toyota and many other companies have used top down target costing approach for products or services. Target costing mainly gives focus on buyers as how much money buyers can pay for particular product, service and feature. The cost of the product is calculated by this method. It is companys work to reduce waste and control cost so that good level of profit can be earned through customers. Integrate value stream The value chain includes the complete flow in product development process from availability of raw materials to the final delivery of product to the customer and produces the outcome that can generate value. The company uses the principle in manufacturing process to maintain cost of the product and to monitor the waste production in manufacturing process. For entire value chain stream companies focus to manage supply chain relationship. Value stream includes three steps namely they are concept generation, information management and physical transportation (Oliver, Schab Holweg, 2007). Make the offering flow In organization the work should be performed speedily without interruption. Proper work flow should be maintained to reduce cost and time. If the work flow stops due to any reason then there are chances that more waste will be produced in the situation. There should be proper synchronization among work activities so that delay situation cannot be occurred. The flow process should be designed carefully. The lean principle helps to remove obstacles and bottlenecks that can create problem in flow process (Vinodh Joy, 2012). Implement pull This lean principle concept focuses on customers demand. The companies that do not follow lean concept use push system and the company performs operations according to the convenience of work operators. In this system sometimes company produces the output that is actually not in demand. Lean organizations react to the demands of customers. Companies pull the work by the system. The pull system concept means the companies do not produce anything until customer gives order for the product or service. To achieve this greater flexibility and short cycle time are required in production and delivery of the product or services. Companies need to ensure that customers demands should be satisfied within the given time limit. Perfection The first four lean principles are related to implementation but the last one is related to improvement. The lean manufacturers focus to get perfection and generate ideas for more improvement. A perfect system delivers right value to the customers. The lean manufacturers ensure that each process step should add value to the output. Products should be produced in desired quality (Lee, Olson Trimi, 2010). Applicability of lean principles in McDonalds In the mid twentieth century many companies faced problems due to rise in competition and McDonalds too faced some problems. The company maintained high position by improving services. McDonalds company can gain more benefits by applying several lean principles. The lean principles help to increase value and reduce waste. Some lean principles can be implemented in McDonalds service process design. The key lean principles like value, pull, establish flow and perfection can be applied in McDonalds (Surez-Barraza, Smith Dahlgaard-Park, 2012). In McDonald some persons take orders from the customers and in just few minutes provide the delivery to them. Customer can select from the available products like cheeseburgers, combo pack, hamburgers can also tell additional requirements to the service provider like extra cheese, spicy or normal. Company can use value principle by providing the products and services that can give satisfaction to the customers. Today many people like to place orde r on website and telephone, the company can increase the value by providing the services according to the demand of customers (Jain Lyons, 2009). If customers get good services they like to use services again. Customers like McDonalds services because they get fast delivery. Value lean principle can applied by McDonalds members by ensuring that customers are not waiting in the queue for long time and the staff members are taking the orders by interacting with customers face to face (Ng et al., 2010). By the use of modern technology waiting time can be reduced. A computer system can be used to manage the work. Customer can get fast delivery of food by using modern cooking equipment. Highly skilled workforce can also help to deliver the order fast. Earlier McDonalds was using batch production method to prepare sandwiches. In batch production Method Company used to make many sandwiches at one time and then keep the sandwiches warm in the warming bins but later company released that th rough this method waste production is increasing. Lean principles can help to deal with this situation. The lean principle, implement pull supports just in time approach. In this approach the service provider starts operation when customers order is received. Just in time approach will not only provide benefit to McDonalds but also will increase organizations value. Just in time approach is possible in McDonalds because the company is using many automatic machines through which the customers can get fast services. Through the automatic machines the customers can get quick delivery. Company needs to give focus on flow of information. From placing the order to the delivery to the customer the cycle time can be reduced by maintaining proper flow of information. At right time the information should be transmitted to right person so that delay cannot be occurred in the process (Dora et al., 2014). Proper flow helps to reduce time, cost and waste. Company focuses to deliver best quality food in short period of time so that customers need not to wait for long time. The lean principle, perfection can be applied in McDonalds as continuous improvement can give many benefits to the company. Perfection in services process design can give competitive advantage to the company as continuous improvement attracts more and more customers. By continuous quality improvement and by reducing cost, perfection can be implemented (Womack Jones, 2010). New improved concepts help to increase demands of customers as customers like to try something new. Perfection can be achieved by reducing unnecessary motion, by maintaining suppliers and the customers, by reducing wastage production and by focusing on customer service. The organization needs to implement some changes in the system according to the environment. Although McDonaldss company has received worldwide popularity but the competitors of the company are increasing rapidly because of the att ractiveness of the industry. There are so many competitors of McDonalds such as Starbucks, Yum Brands, Subway, Panera, Burger King, and Wendys. McDonalds has to compete with some local competitors too. So the company needs to adapt appropriate lean principles to hold the top position in the market. By applying lean principles the company can maintain customers loyalty also gain efficiency. For applying lean principles in the system people involvement is required. All the team members need to know their roles and responsibility so that proper coordination in the work can be established. Each person should understand the responsibility and should perform the work properly because the complete system can be failed if one person does not perform his work. Supplier, service provider and customers are the important part of the system. Each staff member should have knowledge of every step of the system. This can help to develop knowledge in team members. Conclusion McDonalds is one of the major key plays in fast food market. The company is popular and has established good brand image in the market because of its quality and services. It can be concluded from above discussion that McDonalds which one of the popular companies in fast food industry can improve the customer service process by applying lean principles. Lean principles can help McDonalds to reduce cost and to improve customer service. Company can improve quality of products and services by applying lean principles. Five major lean principles are discussed in the report are principle of value, principle of value stream, principle of flow, pull system and perfection (Hanna, 2007). McDonalds company can implement lean principles like value, pull system, perfection and flow. These lean principles can help in eliminating waste, controlling overproduction, reducing waiting time, managing inventory level and reducing number of defects. For applying lean principles the company needs to inclu de everyone for achieving improvement. References Almeida Marodin, G. and Saurin, T.A., 2015. Managing barriers to lean production implementation: context matters. International Journal of Production Research, 53(13), pp.3947-3962. Chaple, A.P., Narkhede, B.E. and Akarte, M.M., 2014. Status of implementation of Lean manufacturing principles in the context of Indian industry: A Literature Review. In 5th International 26th All India Manufacturing Technology, Design and Research Conference (AIMTDR 2014) December 12th14th, IIT Guwahati, Assam, India. Chase, R.B. and Apte, U.M., 2007. A history of research in service operations: What's the big idea?. Journal of Operations Management, 25(2), pp.375-386. Chauhan, G. and Singh, T.P., 2012. Measuring parameters of lean manufacturing realization. Measuring Business Excellence, 16(3), pp.57-71. Chikhalikar, P. and Sharma, S., 2015. Implementation of Lean Manufacturing in an Engine manufacturing Unit-A Review. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research, 4(1), p.404. ?iarnien?, R. and VienaÃ… ¾indien?, M., 2014. How to facilitate implementation of lean concept?. Mediterranean journal of social sciences, 5(13), p.177. Corbett, S., 2007. Beyond manufacturing: The evolution of lean. McKinsey Quarterly, 3, pp.95-96. Dora, M., Van Goubergen, D., Kumar, M., Molnar, A. and Gellynck, X., 2014. Application of lean practices in small and medium-sized food enterprises. British Food Journal, 116(1), pp.125-141. Futurestate, 2017. 5 Lean Principles. Viewed on 21 July, 2017 https://www.futurestate.ie/index.php/5-lean-principles/. Gfu, D. and Teodorescu, M., 2014. Communication process in a Lean concept. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 28, pp.119-127. Hanna, J., 2007. Bringing leanprinciples to service industries. Harvard Business School Working Knowledge. Jain, R. and Lyons, A.C., 2009. The implementation of lean manufacturing in the UK food and drink industry. International Journal of Services and Operations Management, 5(4), pp.548-573. Kumar, R. and Kumar, V., 2015. Lean manufacturing in Indian context: A survey. Management Science Letters, 5(4), pp.321-330. Leavy, B., 2010. Design thinkinga new mental model of value innovation. Strategy leadership, 38(3), pp.5-14. Lee, S.M., Olson, D.L. and Trimi, S., 2010. Strategic innovation in the convergence era. International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 9(1), pp.1-12. Lyons, A.C., Vidamour, K., Jain, R. and Sutherland, M., 2013. Developing an understanding of lean thinking in process industries. Production Planning Control, 24(6), pp.475-494. Mcdonalds, 2017. Our history. Viewed on 22 July, 2017 from https://www.mcdonalds.com/us/en-us/about-us/our-history.html. Ng, D., Vail, G., Thomas, S. and Schmidt, N., 2010. Applying the Lean principles of the Toyota Production System to reduce wait times in the emergency department. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine, 12(1), pp.50-57. Oliver, N., Schab, L. and Holweg, M., 2007. Lean principles and premium brands: conflict or complement?. International journal of production research, 45(16), pp.3723-3739. Salem, R., Musharavati, F., Hamouda, A.M. and Al-Khalifa, K.N., 2016. An empirical study on lean awareness and potential for lean implementations in Qatar industries. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 82(9-12), pp.1607-1625. Shah, R. and Ward, P.T., 2007. Defining and developing measures of lean production. Journal of operations management, 25(4), pp.785-805. Surez-Barraza, M.F., Smith, T. and Dahlgaard-Park, S.M., 2012. Lean Service: A literature analysis and classification. Total Quality Management Business Excellence, 23(3-4), pp.359-380. Vinodh, S. and Joy, D., 2012. Structural equation modelling of lean manufacturing practices. International Journal of Production Research, 50(6), pp.1598-1607. Womack, J.P. and Jones, D.T., 2010. Lean thinking: banish waste and create wealth in your corporation. Simon and Schuster.